Взаимоотношения между последователями мусульманских мазхабов в Золотой Орде
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577//EJRS.2022.v32.i4.r9Ключевые слова:
Ислам, Золотая Орда, мазхаб, матуридиты, взаимоотношения между мазхабамиАннотация
В статье авторы пытаются определить взаимосвязь исламских мазхабов, распространенных в государстве Золотой Орды. Хотя существует много исследований об общей религиозной ситуации и процессе исламизации в Золотой Орде, исследований о взаимоотношениях между мазхабами по-прежнему мало. Поэтому в статье подробно описывается состояние ислама в Золотой Орде, представители каких мазхабов жили, какого мазхаба придерживалось большинство населения, уровень религиозного образования. Обсуждаются отношения между религиозными деятелями и правителями Золотой Орды. В ходе исследования авторы выясняют, что ханафитский мазхаб был широко распространен среди мусульман Золотой Орды, что позволило им создать свои религиозные центры и получить политическую поддержку ханов. Обсуждаются усилия объединения на основе общих ценностей суннитских доктринальных школ таких как Матуридия и Ашария. Также проанализирована политика властей Золотой Орды по предотвращению розни и укреплению связей между мазхабами. В основу исследования легли средневековые исторические труды, путевые записки, биографические книги, описывающие жизнь и деятельность ученых, работы, написанные на различные богословские темы, а также новые научные исследования, связанные с исламскими мазхабами на территории Золотой Орды.
Ключевые слова: Ислам, Золотая Орда, мазхаб, матуридиты, взаимоотношения между мазхабами.
Библиографические ссылки
Әдебиеттер
Abu Hanifa al-Nu’man (1997) Wasiyat al-Imam Abi Hanifa an-Nu’man, ed. Abu Mu’az Muhammad ibn Abdilhay Uweyna, Beirut: Daru ibn Hazm. – 81.
Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah, Vol. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. – 608.
Al-Dawudi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1983) Tabakat al-Mufassirin, Vol. I-II, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. -884.
Al- Lucknawi, Muhammad Abd al-Hayy (H. 1324) Fawâidu al-bahiyah fî tarâjimi al-Hanafiyah, Cairo: Al-Saadat. – 262.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Al-Suluk li-Maʿrifat Duwali al-Muluk, ed. Muhammad Abdulqadir Ato, Vol. III, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (2002) Duraru al-ʿukudi al-Farida fî tarâjimi al-aʿyâni al-mufîda, ed. Mahmud al-Jalili, Vol. III. Beirut: Daru al-Garbi al-Islami. - 586.
Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid, ed. Fethullah Huleyf, İstanbul: el-Mektebetü'l- İslâmiyye. - 411.
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aibak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr, Vol.II, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (2017) Şerhu’l-Akâid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi), ed. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergah yayınları. - 398.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (1998) Sharh al-Maqâsid, ed. A.Umeyre-S. M. Sharaf, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub. - 269.
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat as-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah, ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol. II-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Kunyetu al-Munyah li-tatmimi al-Gunyah, Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasıriyah, ed. Muhammad al-Mirsi, Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82.
Ibn al-Imad (1992) Shadharat al-dhahab, V.IX, ed. Mahmud al-Arnaut, Beirut: Dar al-Kathir. - 451.
Ibn al-Wazir (1984) Tarjîhu asâlîbi al-Quranʿalâ asâlîbi al-Yûnân, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 176.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (H.1349) Ad-Duraru al-kamina fî aʿyâni al-miʾeti as-sâmina, Vol. IV, Hyderabad: Dairat al-Maarifi al-Usmaniyah. - 505.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1969), Inbâ’u al-gumr bi-abnâ’i al-Umr, ed. Hasan Habashi, Vol. I, Cairo. - 552.
Ibn Kemal Pashazade, Shamsuddin Ahmed ibn Sulaiman (2008) “Risalat al-Ihtilaf baina al-Ashâ’ira wa al-Maturidiyah”, Sunnitishce Theologie in Osmanischer Zeit, ed. E. Badeen, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. - 352.
Ibn Battuta (1987) Rihlatu İbn Battuta (Tuhfatu al-Nuzzar fi Garaʾibi al-Amsar wa al-ʿAcāʾibi al-Asfar), ed. Muhammad Abdulmunin al-Uryan, Beirut: Daru al-Ihiya al-Ulum. - 798.
Katip Çelebi (2016) Keşfü’z-Zunun Al Esami’l-Kütübi ve’l-Fünûn, trans. Rüştü Balcı, Vol. IV, Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. - 1650.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1889) Kitabu al-haqq al-mubin fi makhasin awda ad-din. Kazan: Çirkov. – 462.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1897) Kitabu Mustafâd al-akhbar fî Ahwâli Kazan ve Bulgar, V.I, Kazan: Tipografya B.L.Dombrovskago. - 264.
Nahcü’l-Feradis (1956) ed. János Eckmann, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Tıpkıbasımlar Dizisi 35. - 444.
Ramzi, Murad (2002). Talfiq al-Akhbar wa talkih al-Asar fî waka’i’i Kazan wa Bulgar wa muluki al-Tatar, V. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 736.
Ал-Карши, Джамал (2005) ал-Мулхакат би-с-сурах / пер. Ш. Х. Вохидова, Б. Б. Аминова. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс. – 416.
Бартолд В. В. (1963) Сочинения. Т.II. Часть I. Общие работы по истории Средней Азии. Работы по истории Кавказа и Восточной Европы. – Москва: Издательство восточной литературы. - 1024.
Муминов, A. (2015) Ханафитский мазхаб в истории Центральной Азии. Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. - 400.
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Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (2017) Sharh al-Aqaid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi) [The commentary on the al-Aqaid (Teachings of Kalam and Islamic creed)], ed. Süleyman Uludağ. - İstanbul: Dergah yay. - 398 (in Turkish)
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (1998) Sharh al-Maqasid [The commentary on the al-Maqasid], ed. S. M. Sharaf. - Beirut: -269 (in Arabic)
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat al-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah [Layers in the Hanafi biographies], ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol.I-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Qunyat al-munya li tatmim al-ghunya [Possession of dreamt for the complete prosperity]. - Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasiriyah [The epistle of victory], ed. Muhammad al-Misri. - Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82. (in Arabic)
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Ramzi, Murad (2002) Talfiq al-Akhbar wa talkih al-Asar fî waka’i’i Kazan wa Bulgar wa muluki al-Tatar [An Imperfect Collection of Information From The Past Events of Kazan, Bulgar and Tatar Kings], V. I. - Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 736. (in Arabic)
Abu Hanifa al-Nu’man (1997) Wasiyat al-Imam Abi Hanifa an-Nu’man, ed. Abu Mu’az Muhammad ibn Abdilhay Uweyna, Beirut: Daru ibn Hazm. – 81.
Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah, Vol. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. – 608.
Al-Dawudi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1983) Tabakat al-Mufassirin, Vol. I-II, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. -884.
Al- Lucknawi, Muhammad Abd al-Hayy (H. 1324) Fawâidu al-bahiyah fî tarâjimi al-Hanafiyah, Cairo: Al-Saadat. – 262.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Al-Suluk li-Maʿrifat Duwali al-Muluk, ed. Muhammad Abdulqadir Ato, Vol. III, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (2002) Duraru al-ʿukudi al-Farida fî tarâjimi al-aʿyâni al-mufîda, ed. Mahmud al-Jalili, Vol. III. Beirut: Daru al-Garbi al-Islami. - 586.
Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid, ed. Fethullah Huleyf, İstanbul: el-Mektebetü'l- İslâmiyye. - 411.
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aibak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr, Vol.II, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (2017) Şerhu’l-Akâid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi), ed. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergah yayınları. - 398.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (1998) Sharh al-Maqâsid, ed. A.Umeyre-S. M. Sharaf, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub. - 269.
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat as-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah, ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol. II-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Kunyetu al-Munyah li-tatmimi al-Gunyah, Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasıriyah, ed. Muhammad al-Mirsi, Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82.
Ibn al-Imad (1992) Shadharat al-dhahab, V.IX, ed. Mahmud al-Arnaut, Beirut: Dar al-Kathir. - 451.
Ibn al-Wazir (1984) Tarjîhu asâlîbi al-Quranʿalâ asâlîbi al-Yûnân, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 176.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (H.1349) Ad-Duraru al-kamina fî aʿyâni al-miʾeti as-sâmina, Vol. IV, Hyderabad: Dairat al-Maarifi al-Usmaniyah. - 505.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1969), Inbâ’u al-gumr bi-abnâ’i al-Umr, ed. Hasan Habashi, Vol. I, Cairo. - 552.
Ibn Kemal Pashazade, Shamsuddin Ahmed ibn Sulaiman (2008) “Risalat al-Ihtilaf baina al-Ashâ’ira wa al-Maturidiyah”, Sunnitishce Theologie in Osmanischer Zeit, ed. E. Badeen, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. - 352.
Ibn Battuta (1987) Rihlatu İbn Battuta (Tuhfatu al-Nuzzar fi Garaʾibi al-Amsar wa al-ʿAcāʾibi al-Asfar), ed. Muhammad Abdulmunin al-Uryan, Beirut: Daru al-Ihiya al-Ulum. - 798.
Katip Çelebi (2016) Keşfü’z-Zunun Al Esami’l-Kütübi ve’l-Fünûn, trans. Rüştü Balcı, Vol. IV, Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. - 1650.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1889) Kitabu al-haqq al-mubin fi makhasin awda ad-din. Kazan: Çirkov. – 462.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1897) Kitabu Mustafâd al-akhbar fî Ahwâli Kazan ve Bulgar, V.I, Kazan: Tipografya B.L.Dombrovskago. - 264.
Nahcü’l-Feradis (1956) ed. János Eckmann, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Tıpkıbasımlar Dizisi 35. - 444.
Ramzi, Murad (2002). Talfiq al-Akhbar wa talkih al-Asar fî waka’i’i Kazan wa Bulgar wa muluki al-Tatar, V. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 736.
Ал-Карши, Джамал (2005) ал-Мулхакат би-с-сурах / пер. Ш. Х. Вохидова, Б. Б. Аминова. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс. – 416.
Бартолд В. В. (1963) Сочинения. Т.II. Часть I. Общие работы по истории Средней Азии. Работы по истории Кавказа и Восточной Европы. – Москва: Издательство восточной литературы. - 1024.
Муминов, A. (2015) Ханафитский мазхаб в истории Центральной Азии. Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. - 400.
References
Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān (1997) Wasiyat al-Imam Abi Hanifa al-Nuʿmān [The Bequeathment of al-Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān], ed. Abu Muʿaz Muhammad ibn Abdilhay Uweyna. Beirut: Daru ibn Hazm. - 81 (in Arabic)
Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah [Al-Bazzazi’s Fatwas], Vol. I. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 608. (in Arabic)
Al-Dawudi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1983) Tabakat al-Mufassirin [Layers of Interpreters], Vol.I-II. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 884. (in Arabic)
Al-Lucknawi, Abd al-Hayy (H. 1324) Fawâidu al-bahiyah fî tarâjimi al-Hanafiyah [Radiant Benefits of the Biographies of the Hanafis], Cairo: Al-Saadat. - 262. (in Arabic)
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk [Book of Entrance to the knowledge of the dynasties of the Kings], ed. Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Ato, Vol. III. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432. (in Arabic)
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (2002) Durar al-Uqud al-Faridah fi Tarajim al-A'yan al-Mufidah, [Pearls of an Inimitable Necklace in the Biographies of Prominent Personalities], ed. Mahmud al-Jalili, Vol. III. Beirut: Daru al-Garbi al-Islami. - 586. (in Arabic)
Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid [Book of Monotheism], ed. Fethullah Huleyf. İstanbul: -411. (in Arabic)
Al-Qarshi, Jamal (2005) Al-Mulhaqat bi-s-Surah [Addition to as-Surakh vocabulary], trans. Sh. B. Vokhidov, B. B. Aminov. - Almaty: Dayk-press. - 416. (in Arabic/Russian)
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aybak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr [Notables of the era and helpers of victory], Vol.II. - Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512. (in Arabic)
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (2017) Sharh al-Aqaid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi) [The commentary on the al-Aqaid (Teachings of Kalam and Islamic creed)], ed. Süleyman Uludağ. - İstanbul: Dergah yay. - 398 (in Turkish)
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (1998) Sharh al-Maqasid [The commentary on the al-Maqasid], ed. S. M. Sharaf. - Beirut: -269 (in Arabic)
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat al-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah [Layers in the Hanafi biographies], ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol.I-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Qunyat al-munya li tatmim al-ghunya [Possession of dreamt for the complete prosperity]. - Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasiriyah [The epistle of victory], ed. Muhammad al-Misri. - Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82. (in Arabic)
Bartold V. V. (1963) Obshhie raboty po istorii Srednej Azii. Raboty po istorii Kavkaza i Vostochnoj Evropy// [General works on the history of Central Asia. Works on the history of the Caucasus and Eastern Europe] Sochinenija : v 9 t.– V. II, part. 1. – Moscow: Izdatelstvo vostochnoj literatury. - 1024. (in Russian)
Ibn Al-Imad, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-‘Aqri al-Hanbali al-Dimashqi (1992) Shazarat alzahab fi ahbari man zahab, Vol.IX [Grains of Gold in the Notice of Those Who Have Gone], ed. Mahmud al-Arnaut. - Beirut: Dar al-Kathir. - 451. (in Arabic)
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2022-12-14
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