The sorrows of external secular expectation in Post-ISIS Era

Authors

  • Yuan Zhang Shanghai International Studies University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26577/EJRS.2020.v24.i4.r5

Keywords:

secularism, Post-ISIS Era, Middle East, kurds, national security, westernization

Abstract

With the demilitarization of ISIS (Daula Islamiya Iraq wa Sham - Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), the national question in the region began to develop rapidly in terms of post-conflict reconstruction. During the post-ISIS period, local forces, especially local ethnic independent forces, remained entrenched in the local religious community and religious culture. Nationalist forces that seek to mobilize the vast majority of the population for their own ends must be able to satisfy them with political materials that lead to harmony and cooperation, as long as the region's deep-rooted religious traditions serve that purpose. Although Western interference in this issue is also interested in establishing a regional secular order and secular succession regime, if nationalist religious extremism is limited to achieving the planned regional autonomy and independence of the outside world, tactically avoiding the skepticism of the outside world, then the expected political goal is planned. and then the repressed national religion is likely to retaliate in the future.

References

Ali Ameer, “From Islamophobia to Westophobia: The Long Road to Radical Islamism”, Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, No. 3, 2016, pp. 1-2.
Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2006, p. 70.
Amatzia Baram, “From Militant Secularism to Islamism: The Iraqi Ba’th Regime 1968-2003 Samuel P. Huntington, The Solider and the State, Cambridge: Huntington, 1957, p. 409.
Seymour Martin Lipset, Consensus and Conflict: Essays in Political Sociology, New Brunswick: Transcation Books, 1985, p. 284.
Steve Reicher and Nick Hopkins, Self and Nation: Categorization, Contestation and Mobilization, London: Sage, 2001, p. 25.
Walid,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 2011, p. 8, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/From%20Militant%20Secularism%20to%20Islamism.pdf.
Andreas Armborst, “Radicalisation and De-radicalisations of Social Movements: The Comeback of Political Islam?” Crime, Law and Social Change, Vol. 63, No. 3, 2014, pp. 254-255.
Beverley Milton-Edwards, “Islamist Versus Islamist: Rising Challenge in Gaza,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 26, 2014, p. 268.
Borzou Daragahi, “Meet the Middle East’s Peace of Westphalia Re-enactors,” Foreign Policy,
Edwin Smith, Quasi-Religions: Humanism, Marxism and Nationalism, Houndmills, Basingstoke August 10, 2018, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/10/meet-the-middle-easts-peace-of-westphalia-reenactors-iran-saudi-arabia-syria/.
C. Marvin and D. W. Ingle, Blood Sacrifice and the Nation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 1-5.
C. Taylor, “The Politics of Recognition,” in A. Gutmann, ed., Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 32-37.
Cliff May, “Militant Islamism, Islamism, Islam,” Townhall, Jan. 19, 2012, https://townhall.com/columnists/cliffmay/2012/01/19/militant-islamism-islamism-islam-n922971.
David D. Latin, Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986, p.175.
Faruk Ekmekci, “Understanding Kurdish Ethno-nationalism in Turkey: Socio-Economy, Religion, and Politics,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 34, No. 9, 2011, p. 1615.
Hedley Bull, “The Revolt Against the West,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson eds., The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984, p. 217.
John, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, p. 1.
John L. Esposito and John O. Voll, “Islam and the West: Muslim Voice of Dialogue,” in Pavlos Hatzopoulos and Fabio Petito eds., Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile, New York: Palgrave Macmillam, 2003, pp. 238-239.
John Mueller, The Remnants of War, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 15.
Jonathan Fox, Religion, Civilization, and Civil War: 1945 through the Millennium, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004, pp. 25-26.
Magnus Norell, “Militant Islamism: A Strategic Threat,” Huffpost, August 7, 2014, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/magnus-norell/militant-jihadism-a-strat_b_5546469.html.
Mark Juergensmeyer, Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State: From Christian Militias to al Qaeda, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, p. 10.
Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993, p. 35.
Martha Finnemoure, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs About the Use of Force, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004, pp. 58-60.
Michael Axworthy and Patrick Milton, “A Westphalian Peace for the Middle East: Why an Old Framework Could Work,” Foreign Affairs, October 10, 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2016-10-10/westphalian-peace-middle-east.
Michael E. Brint, A Genealogy of Political Culture, Boulder: Westview Press, 1991, p. 172.
Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 55.
Omer Tekdemir, “The reappearance of Kurdish Muslims in Turkey: the articulation of religious identity in a national narrative,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/13530194.2018.1430534, p. 7.
Reuven Paz, “Jihadists and nationalist Islamists: Al-Qa'ida and Hamas,” in Assaf Moghadam and Brian Fishman, eds., Fault Lines in Global Jihad: Organizational, Strategic and Ideological Fissures, London: Routledge, 2011, p. 203.
Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 122.
Robert Jervis, The Logic of Images in International Relations, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970, p.62.
Phares, The War of Ideas: Jihadism against Democracy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, p. 39.
Youssef H. Aboul-Enein, Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Ideology and the Challenge to America, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2010.
Yuan Zhang, “ISIS: Quasi-Sovereignty and Regional Security,” Journal of International Security Studies, Vol. 34, No. 6, 2016, p. 50.
Zachary Devlin-Foltz and Binnur Ozkececi-Taner, “State Collapse and Islamist Extremism: Re-evaluating the Link,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2010, p. 102.
1. “Syrian Government Calls on Refugees to Return Home,” NBC News, July 4, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/syrian-government-calls-refugees-return-home-n888791.
2. “Refugees Situations,” UNHCR, August 2, 2018, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria.

Additional Files

Published

2020-12-21