The relations between adherents of different Islamic Madhabs in the Golden Horde
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26577//EJRS.2022.v32.i4.r9Keywords:
Islam, Golden Horde, Madhab, Maturidis, relations between MadhabsAbstract
The authors in the article try to determine the relationship of Islamic madhhabs in the period of the Golden Horde. Although there are many studies on the general religious situation and the process of Islamization in the Golden Horde, relationship between madhhabs should be researched carefully. Therefore, the article in detail describes the state of Islam in the Golden Horde, representatives of which madhhabs lived, which madhhab the majority of the population adhered to, and the level of religious education. Relations between religious figures and the rulers of the Golden Horde are discussed. In the course of the study, the authors find out that the Hanafi madhhab was widespread among the Muslims of the Golden Horde, they were able to create their own religious centers and received political support from the khans. The efforts of Sunni doctrinal schools such as Maturidiyah and Ashariyah to unite on the basis of common values in this era are discussed. The policy of the authorities of the Golden Horde to prevent discord and strengthen ties between Muslim madhhabs is also analyzed. The study is based on medieval historical works, travel books, biographical books describing the life and work of scientists, works written on various theological topics, as well as new scientific research related to Islamic madhhabs on the territory of the Golden Horde.
Key words: Islam, Golden Horde, Madhab, Maturidis, relations between Madhabs.
References
Әдебиеттер
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Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah, Vol. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. – 608.
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Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Al-Suluk li-Maʿrifat Duwali al-Muluk, ed. Muhammad Abdulqadir Ato, Vol. III, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432.
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Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid, ed. Fethullah Huleyf, İstanbul: el-Mektebetü'l- İslâmiyye. - 411.
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aibak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr, Vol.II, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (2017) Şerhu’l-Akâid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi), ed. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergah yayınları. - 398.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (1998) Sharh al-Maqâsid, ed. A.Umeyre-S. M. Sharaf, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub. - 269.
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat as-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah, ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol. II-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291.
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Ibn Kemal Pashazade, Shamsuddin Ahmed ibn Sulaiman (2008) “Risalat al-Ihtilaf baina al-Ashâ’ira wa al-Maturidiyah”, Sunnitishce Theologie in Osmanischer Zeit, ed. E. Badeen, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. - 352.
Ibn Battuta (1987) Rihlatu İbn Battuta (Tuhfatu al-Nuzzar fi Garaʾibi al-Amsar wa al-ʿAcāʾibi al-Asfar), ed. Muhammad Abdulmunin al-Uryan, Beirut: Daru al-Ihiya al-Ulum. - 798.
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Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1889) Kitabu al-haqq al-mubin fi makhasin awda ad-din. Kazan: Çirkov. – 462.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1897) Kitabu Mustafâd al-akhbar fî Ahwâli Kazan ve Bulgar, V.I, Kazan: Tipografya B.L.Dombrovskago. - 264.
Nahcü’l-Feradis (1956) ed. János Eckmann, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Tıpkıbasımlar Dizisi 35. - 444.
Ramzi, Murad (2002). Talfiq al-Akhbar wa talkih al-Asar fî waka’i’i Kazan wa Bulgar wa muluki al-Tatar, V. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 736.
Ал-Карши, Джамал (2005) ал-Мулхакат би-с-сурах / пер. Ш. Х. Вохидова, Б. Б. Аминова. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс. – 416.
Бартолд В. В. (1963) Сочинения. Т.II. Часть I. Общие работы по истории Средней Азии. Работы по истории Кавказа и Восточной Европы. – Москва: Издательство восточной литературы. - 1024.
Муминов, A. (2015) Ханафитский мазхаб в истории Центральной Азии. Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. - 400.
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Katip Çelebi (2016) Keşfü'z-zunûn ʿan esâmi'l-kütüb ve'l-fünûn [The Removal of Doubt from the Names of Books and the Arts], trans. Rüştü Balcı. Vol.IV. - Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. - 1650. (in Turkish)
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Abu Hanifa al-Nu’man (1997) Wasiyat al-Imam Abi Hanifa an-Nu’man, ed. Abu Mu’az Muhammad ibn Abdilhay Uweyna, Beirut: Daru ibn Hazm. – 81.
Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah, Vol. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. – 608.
Al-Dawudi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1983) Tabakat al-Mufassirin, Vol. I-II, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. -884.
Al- Lucknawi, Muhammad Abd al-Hayy (H. 1324) Fawâidu al-bahiyah fî tarâjimi al-Hanafiyah, Cairo: Al-Saadat. – 262.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Al-Suluk li-Maʿrifat Duwali al-Muluk, ed. Muhammad Abdulqadir Ato, Vol. III, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432.
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (2002) Duraru al-ʿukudi al-Farida fî tarâjimi al-aʿyâni al-mufîda, ed. Mahmud al-Jalili, Vol. III. Beirut: Daru al-Garbi al-Islami. - 586.
Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid, ed. Fethullah Huleyf, İstanbul: el-Mektebetü'l- İslâmiyye. - 411.
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aibak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr, Vol.II, Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (2017) Şerhu’l-Akâid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi), ed. Süleyman Uludağ, İstanbul: Dergah yayınları. - 398.
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn ʿUmar (1998) Sharh al-Maqâsid, ed. A.Umeyre-S. M. Sharaf, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub. - 269.
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat as-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah, ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol. II-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Kunyetu al-Munyah li-tatmimi al-Gunyah, Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397.
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasıriyah, ed. Muhammad al-Mirsi, Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82.
Ibn al-Imad (1992) Shadharat al-dhahab, V.IX, ed. Mahmud al-Arnaut, Beirut: Dar al-Kathir. - 451.
Ibn al-Wazir (1984) Tarjîhu asâlîbi al-Quranʿalâ asâlîbi al-Yûnân, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 176.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (H.1349) Ad-Duraru al-kamina fî aʿyâni al-miʾeti as-sâmina, Vol. IV, Hyderabad: Dairat al-Maarifi al-Usmaniyah. - 505.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1969), Inbâ’u al-gumr bi-abnâ’i al-Umr, ed. Hasan Habashi, Vol. I, Cairo. - 552.
Ibn Kemal Pashazade, Shamsuddin Ahmed ibn Sulaiman (2008) “Risalat al-Ihtilaf baina al-Ashâ’ira wa al-Maturidiyah”, Sunnitishce Theologie in Osmanischer Zeit, ed. E. Badeen, Würzburg: Ergon Verlag. - 352.
Ibn Battuta (1987) Rihlatu İbn Battuta (Tuhfatu al-Nuzzar fi Garaʾibi al-Amsar wa al-ʿAcāʾibi al-Asfar), ed. Muhammad Abdulmunin al-Uryan, Beirut: Daru al-Ihiya al-Ulum. - 798.
Katip Çelebi (2016) Keşfü’z-Zunun Al Esami’l-Kütübi ve’l-Fünûn, trans. Rüştü Balcı, Vol. IV, Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. - 1650.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1889) Kitabu al-haqq al-mubin fi makhasin awda ad-din. Kazan: Çirkov. – 462.
Marjani, Shihabuddin. (1897) Kitabu Mustafâd al-akhbar fî Ahwâli Kazan ve Bulgar, V.I, Kazan: Tipografya B.L.Dombrovskago. - 264.
Nahcü’l-Feradis (1956) ed. János Eckmann, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Tıpkıbasımlar Dizisi 35. - 444.
Ramzi, Murad (2002). Talfiq al-Akhbar wa talkih al-Asar fî waka’i’i Kazan wa Bulgar wa muluki al-Tatar, V. I, Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 736.
Ал-Карши, Джамал (2005) ал-Мулхакат би-с-сурах / пер. Ш. Х. Вохидова, Б. Б. Аминова. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс. – 416.
Бартолд В. В. (1963) Сочинения. Т.II. Часть I. Общие работы по истории Средней Азии. Работы по истории Кавказа и Восточной Европы. – Москва: Издательство восточной литературы. - 1024.
Муминов, A. (2015) Ханафитский мазхаб в истории Центральной Азии. Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы. - 400.
References
Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān (1997) Wasiyat al-Imam Abi Hanifa al-Nuʿmān [The Bequeathment of al-Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿmān], ed. Abu Muʿaz Muhammad ibn Abdilhay Uweyna. Beirut: Daru ibn Hazm. - 81 (in Arabic)
Al-Bazzazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad (1971) Al-Fatawa al-Bazzâziyah [Al-Bazzazi’s Fatwas], Vol. I. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 608. (in Arabic)
Al-Dawudi, Muhammad ibn Ali (1983) Tabakat al-Mufassirin [Layers of Interpreters], Vol.I-II. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 884. (in Arabic)
Al-Lucknawi, Abd al-Hayy (H. 1324) Fawâidu al-bahiyah fî tarâjimi al-Hanafiyah [Radiant Benefits of the Biographies of the Hanafis], Cairo: Al-Saadat. - 262. (in Arabic)
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (1997) Kitab al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk [Book of Entrance to the knowledge of the dynasties of the Kings], ed. Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Ato, Vol. III. Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 432. (in Arabic)
Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali (2002) Durar al-Uqud al-Faridah fi Tarajim al-A'yan al-Mufidah, [Pearls of an Inimitable Necklace in the Biographies of Prominent Personalities], ed. Mahmud al-Jalili, Vol. III. Beirut: Daru al-Garbi al-Islami. - 586. (in Arabic)
Al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur Muhammad (1979) Kitab al-Tawhid [Book of Monotheism], ed. Fethullah Huleyf. İstanbul: -411. (in Arabic)
Al-Qarshi, Jamal (2005) Al-Mulhaqat bi-s-Surah [Addition to as-Surakh vocabulary], trans. Sh. B. Vokhidov, B. B. Aminov. - Almaty: Dayk-press. - 416. (in Arabic/Russian)
Al-Safadi, Khalil ibn Aybak (1998) Aʿyân al-ʿasr wa aʿvânu an-nasr [Notables of the era and helpers of victory], Vol.II. - Damascus: Dar al-Fikr. - 512. (in Arabic)
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (2017) Sharh al-Aqaid (Kelâm ilmi ve İslâm akâidi) [The commentary on the al-Aqaid (Teachings of Kalam and Islamic creed)], ed. Süleyman Uludağ. - İstanbul: Dergah yay. - 398 (in Turkish)
Al-Taftazani, Saʿd ad-Dîn Masʿud ibn Umar (1998) Sharh al-Maqasid [The commentary on the al-Maqasid], ed. S. M. Sharaf. - Beirut: -269 (in Arabic)
Al-Tamimi, Taqi ad-Din (1983) Tabaqat al-Saniyah fî Tarajimi al-Hanafiyah [Layers in the Hanafi biographies], ed, Abd al-Fattah Muhammad Hulw, Vol.I-III, Riyadh: Dâru al-Rifai. - I/438, II/316, III/291. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1830) Qunyat al-munya li tatmim al-ghunya [Possession of dreamt for the complete prosperity]. - Kolkata: Mehanand. - 397. (in Arabic)
Al-Zahidi, Mukhtar ibn Mahmud (1994) Risalat al-Nasiriyah [The epistle of victory], ed. Muhammad al-Misri. - Kuwait: Markaz al-Makhtutat wa al-Turathi wa al-Wathaiq. - 82. (in Arabic)
Bartold V. V. (1963) Obshhie raboty po istorii Srednej Azii. Raboty po istorii Kavkaza i Vostochnoj Evropy// [General works on the history of Central Asia. Works on the history of the Caucasus and Eastern Europe] Sochinenija : v 9 t.– V. II, part. 1. – Moscow: Izdatelstvo vostochnoj literatury. - 1024. (in Russian)
Ibn Al-Imad, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-‘Aqri al-Hanbali al-Dimashqi (1992) Shazarat alzahab fi ahbari man zahab, Vol.IX [Grains of Gold in the Notice of Those Who Have Gone], ed. Mahmud al-Arnaut. - Beirut: Dar al-Kathir. - 451. (in Arabic)
Ibn al-Wazir (1984) Tarjîhu asâlîbi al-Quranʿalâ asâlîbi al-Yûnân [Preferring the styles of the Qur’an over the styles of Greece]. - Beirut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah. - 176. (in Arabic)
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (H.1349) ad-Duraru al-kamina fî aʿyâni al-miʾeti al-sâmina [The Hidden Pearls Concerning the Famous People of the Eighth Century AH], Vol.IV. - Hyderabad: Dairat al-Maarifi al-Usmaniyah. - 505. (in Arabic)
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1969) Inbâ’u al-gumr bi-abnâ’i al-Umr [Notification of the Unreasonable about the Children of the Century], ed. Hasan Habashi, Vol.I. - Cairo. - 552. (in Arabic)
Ibn Kemal Pashazade, Shams ad-Din Ahmad ibn Sulaiman. (2008) “Risalat al-Ihtilaf bain al-Ashâ’ira wa al-Maturidiyah”, [A treatise pertaining to the differences between the Ash'aris and Maturidis] Sunnitishce Theologie in Osmanischer Zeit, ed. E. Badeen. - Würzburg. - 352. (in Arabic and German Edition)
Ibn Battuta (1987) Rihlatu İbn Battuta (Tuhfatu al-Nuzzar fi Garaʾibi al-Amsar wa al-ʿAcāʾibi al-Asfar) [The Rihla, or A Masterpiece to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling] ed. Muhammad Abd al-Mumin al-Uryan. - Beirut: Daru al-Ihiya al-Ulum. - 798. (in Arabic)
Katip Çelebi (2016) Keşfü'z-zunûn ʿan esâmi'l-kütüb ve'l-fünûn [The Removal of Doubt from the Names of Books and the Arts], trans. Rüştü Balcı. Vol.IV. - Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. - 1650. (in Turkish)
Marjani, Shihabuddin (1889) Kitabu al-haqq al-mubin fi makhasin awda ad-din [The Obvious Truth About the Merits of the Prescriptions of Islam]. - Kazan: Çirkov. -462. (in Arabic)
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Additional Files
Published
2022-12-14
Issue
Section
Religious Studies
